This is intended to be the first of at least four parts.
When I first started learning Korean, I already knew Japanese pretty well. So I caught on pretty quickly that the two were similar. I shouldn’t say that…there are others who speak Japanese who didn’t do so well at Korean as I did. I’m going to assume it’s because they didn’t notice all the cognates. Yeah, something like 70 percent of Korean is actually bastardized Chinese. Something slightly less than that in Japanese. And while neither shares much in common with Chinese grammar, they share a LOT in common with each other. (J-K or K-J translation is like 90+ percent word replacement. It’s easier than translating between either language and English.)
The reason some people don’t notice the cognates is that they aren’t instantly obvious. It isn’t like English and every European language. It can be pretty obscure. The only way to notice some of them is to notice patterns over lots of words. You have to notice that a sound in Japanese will always have one of several sounds in Korean and vice versa.
This isn’t because they developed one from the other. They mostly didn’t. It’s just that the ways in which they both mangled the Chinese pronunciations over the centuries differ…and they differ in a consistent manner. I believe that not only do the Chinese-origin words follow these patterns…so do the actual cognates between Japanese and Korean.
This is probably more controversial than the assertion that there are patterns in the Chinese words. God damn the Koreans and Japanese so don’t want to be related in any way. I base this belief on a few words that I noticed that DO follow the same pattern as the Kanji/Hanja. The two I keep near the front of my mind are “snake” and “bee.” へび (hebi) 뱀 (bem) and はち (hachi) and 벌 (beol). (edit: adding to the list for future reference: kom/kuma) Those don’t look too similar, do they? But they do follow the same patterns as the Chinese words. With that in mind, it’s not hard to see why these patterns aren’t more obvious to more people.
(There is also the fact that many Japanese adjectives ending in “-ui” have corresponding similar adjectives in Korean ending in “-yeopda.” I have not yet figured out how or if that relates to my tables)
It occurred to me that I could explain these patterns as tables. I’m starting with the initial consonants. Japanese and Korean are both syllabic, and the initial consonant of a syllable is the most consistent part of the relationship between the two systems of pronunciation. The other parts are the vowel sound, and the final consonant (of the Korean syllable…the first consonant of the SECOND Japanese syllable, if any) if present. They are more variable, the vowel to the point that I prefer to define many relationships in terms of what does not correspond rather than what does.
Anyhow, here is the first table. Learn it well and turn your Japanese vocabulary into passive Korean vocabulary. (If you try to use this to learn to SPEAK, people will look at you like you’re nuts.) The first column is the consonant on the Japanese syllable, the second is the list of equivalent Korean syllables, and the third is an example, given in chinese character, Japanese pronunciation (the “onyomi” only), the Sino-Korean pronunciation, and the English meaning.
To clarify…while I believe this system may more or less apply to non-Chinese cognates (or possible cognates) between Japanese and Korean, it is intended to apply mainly to the Chinese-origin words in both languages. It is quite reliable for that.
| Initial Japanese consonant |
Korean consonant |
Examples (Chinese character / Japanese / Korean / English |
| K as in か |
ㄱ
ㅋ
ㅎ
와
|
決 / けつ / 결 / decide
獪 / かい / 쾌 / cunning
花 / か / 화 / flower
完 / かん / 완 / complete
|
| G as in が |
ㅇ
ㅎ
ㄱ
|
癌 / がん / 암 / cancer
下 / か / 하 / down
技 / ぎ / 기 / art or skill
|
| S as in さ |
ㅅ
ㅈ
ㅊ
|
産 / さん / 산 / production
作 / さく/ 작 / plan or make
差 / さ/ 차 / difference
|
| Sh as in し |
ㅈ
ㅅ
|
子 / し/ 자 / child or particle
式 / しき/ 식 / ceremony or style
|
| J as in じ |
ㅈ
ㅅ
|
字 / じ/ 자 / character
時 / じ/ 사 / time
|
| Z as in ざ |
ㅈ
ㄷ
ㅅ
|
財 / ざい / 재 / property
図 / ず / 도 / diagram
像 / ぞう/ 상 / elephant
|
| T as in た |
ㅌ
ㄷ
ㅊ
ㅈ
|
太 / たい / 대 / fat
党 / とう/ 당 / party
体 / たい / 체 / body
定 / てい / 정 / decided or determined
|
| TS as in つ |
ㅊ
ㅌ
|
追 / つい / 추 / follow or chase
通 / つう/ 통 / through
|
| D or Z as in づ |
none |
none |
| D as in だ |
ㄷ
ㅌ
ㅈ
|
度 / ど / 도 / degree
弾 / だん / 탄 / bullet
弟 / だい / 제 / sibling
|
| C as in ち |
ㅈ
ㅊ
|
中 / ちゅう / 중 / middle or inside
超 / ちょう / 초 / super
|
| N as in な |
ㄴ
ㅇ
|
能 / のう / 능 / capability
軟 / なん / 연 / soft
|
| H as in は |
ㅂ
ㅍ
|
半 / はん / 반 / half
平 / へい / 편 / flat
|
| B as in ば |
ㅂ
ㅁ
ㅍ
|
部 / ぶ / 부 / part
売 / ばい / 매 / sell
暴 / ぼう / 푹 / violence
|
| P as in ぱ |
ㅍ |
砲 / ぽう / 포 / gun |
| F as in ふ |
ㅍ
ㅂ
|
風 / ふう / 풍 / wind
不 / ふ / 불 / not
|
| M as in ま |
ㅁ |
美 / み / 미 / beauty |
| Y as in や |
ㅇ |
薬 / やく / 약 / medicine |
| R as in ら |
ㄹ
ㄴ
ㅇ
|
路 / ろ / 로 / road
落 / らく / 낙 / fall
連 / れん / 연 / carry or continue
|
| W as in わ |
ㅎ
ㅁ
|
和 / わ / 화 / peace
湾 / わん / 만 / harbor
|
| No consonant (あいうえお) |
ㅇ |
握 / あく / 악 / squeeze |
This isn’t a scientific survey, this is just all the examples that I have found. There may be others I missed. To make it a bit more meaningful, I would need J-K and K-J dictionaries in text file form, so that I could compare thousands of pairs of words and come up with frequencies for every example.